Ethiopia’s Tigray Region Slow to Recover

 Source:: World Politics Review published on 12 September 2024 an article titled “Two Years Later, Tigray’s Post-War Recovery Still Hasn’t Begun” by Fred Harter, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa.

The humanitarian situation in Tigray Region remains dire and no agreement has been reached on the future of Western Tigray, which remains under the control of Amhara militia.  Eritrean troops are still inside Tigray’s border.  Tigray faces a political crisis with rival Tigray People’s Liberation Front factions jostling for power.

The U.S. “working with partners” resolve Ethiopia-Somalia tension

Source_borkena-com, Saturday September 14, 2024

Citizens reports on social media from sources with Mogadishu to Mogadishu seem to suggest that the Hassan Sheik Mohmmed government is taking a more radical stance against Ethiopia and even moving in the direction of making claims of Ethiopian territory in Ogaden as part of Somalia.

But the U.S. is reportedly expressing optimism that the tension will be resolved diplomatically. According to the VOA Amharic report, the United States is working with its partners (unspecified) in that direction.

Richard Riley, U.S. Ambassador to Somalia, cited as saying “in the current situation his country is working in collaboration with others in search of a diplomatic solution.”

According to the Ambassador, the U.S. and its partners are approaching the Federal government in Somalia and the government in Addis Ababa.

The Ambassador also made a reference to the Turkish initiated talks between Ethiopia and Somalia. “The next one will be started in a few days, ” he said.

Asked if the situation could lead the two countries (Ethiopia and Somalia) to war,  the Ambassador said “no.”  He added “let alone war, no one accepts the chance for the outbreak of any conflict. That is why the international community and all are relentlessly working to resolve the issue. The effort of the United States is to find a solution for the situation between Ethiopia and Somalia. ”

From the VOA Amharic report, it seems that the United States wants the resolution of the tension between the two countries quickly. “The absolutely necessary issue is this. It should happen quickly and now,”  Ambassador  Richard H. Riley is quoted as saying.

Last month, Somalia signed a defense pact with Egypt, which is deploying 10,000 troops in Somalia. There were reports in social media this week that Ethiopian forces controlled some airports in Somalia but the Ethiopian government has not confirmed or denied it

Somalia and Ethiopia have a history of conflict and hostility. The recent one developed in January 2024 when Ethiopia and Somaliland signed a memorandum of understanding.

The arrangement was for Ethiopia to get access to 20 kilometers of coastal land for maritime and commercial purposes on a fifty year rental basis. In return, Ethiopia is to recognize Somaliland – a breakaway region that existed as a de facto state for over 33 years – as an independent state.

The finalization of the arrangement was meant to be completed within one month after the MoU agreement. It took longer than that.   

Somaliland authorities this week announced the agreement is finalized but it is not made public.

Sweden to offer $34,000 for refugees, including Somalis, to return home

Source: Hiiraan Online, Friday September 13, 2024



STOCKHOLM, Sweden (HOL) — Sweden will offer up to $34,000 to refugees, including Somalis, as part of a new policy to reduce its migrant population and addressing challenges with integration. The financial assistance will be available to refugees who voluntarily return to their home countries, marking a significant shift in Sweden’s migration policy.

The new measure, which will take effect in 2026, will provide up to 350,000 Swedish kronor (about $34,000) to refugees who choose to return to their countries of origin. The move is supported by the anti-immigration Sweden Democrats party, which has been advocating for stricter immigration controls.

“We are undergoing a major change in our migration policy,” said Johan Forssell, Sweden’s Minister for Migration, during a press briefing. The policy is part of the government’s broader strategy to curtail immigration.

The financial assistance for returning refugees currently stands at 10,000 kronor per adult, 5,000 kronor per child, and 40,000 kronor per family. This increase aims to make the program more appealing, as it has seen little use in the past, with only one individual accepting the offer last year, according to the Swedish government.

Ludvig Aspling, a member of the Sweden Democrats, said the financial assistance, which has been in place since 1984, has been underutilized due to its low profile. “If more people are aware of the grant, and with the increased amount, we expect more will return,” he said. Aspling believes this could encourage several hundred thousand long-term unemployed migrants to return to their home countries. “This could be an incentive for several hundred thousand migrants who rely on government assistance,” Aspling said.

However, Kaahin Mohamed Ahmed, a Somali community activist, expressed doubts about the program’s effectiveness. Speaking to the BBC, Ahmed argued that the amount offered would not be enough for many Somali refugees to establish a stable life back home.

“For a Somali returning to Somalia, $35,000 won’t go very far. Just building a modest four-bedroom house costs at least $60,000, and families still need money for living expenses, education, and healthcare,” said Ahmed. He added that if the financial support is sufficient to start a business or build a home, the policy is likely to see widespread success.

Sweden has long struggled to integrate its immigrant population. Migration researcher Joakim Ruist warned that increasing financial assistance for returning migrants could send a message that immigrants are unwelcome, further complicating integration efforts.

Ahmed pointed out that refugees have made significant contributions to Sweden’s economy and society. “Eighty percent of the drivers in public transportation, including trains, buses, and taxis, are of refugee origin. One in five doctors and one in four dentists are also from refugee backgrounds,” Ahmed said, adding that many refugees work in essential services like healthcare and sanitation.

Sweden’s new return incentive follows similar policies in neighbouring countries. Denmark offers more than $15,000 per person, while Norway provides about $1,400, France $2,800, and Germany $2,000 to migrants who voluntarily return to their countries.

Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson, who took office in 2022, leads a coalition government that includes the Sweden Democrats. His government has vowed to implement more stringent immigration laws and crack down on crime.

The Sweden Democrats, who secured 20.5% of the vote in the 2022 elections, have become Sweden’s second-largest political party, pushing for more stringent immigration policies.

Since the 1970s, Sweden has been known for its humanitarian policies and has taken in large numbers of refugees from conflict zones such as Somalia, Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. In 2015, at the height of Europe’s migration crisis, Sweden accepted 160,000 asylum seekers, more than any other European Union country at the time.

However, the influx of refugees has put pressure on Sweden’s welfare system and widened economic inequality, especially as unemployment rates among immigrants have remained high. The 2015 crisis marked a turning point in Sweden’s immigration policy, with the then-ruling Social Democratic Party acknowledging that the country could no longer maintain its open-door approach.

In recent years, both left- and right-wing governments have enacted measures to control immigration, including introducing temporary residence permits, tightening family reunification rules, and raising income requirements for work visas for non-EU citizens.

Sudan Rejects Call for International Force to Protect Civilians

 Source: The BBC published on 8 September 2024 an article titled “Sudan Rejects UN Call for Peace Force to Protect Civilians” by Farouk Chothia.

Sudan’s military-led government has rejected in its “entirety” a call by a UN fact finding mission for the deployment of an international force to protect civilians from the effects of the ongoing civil war.  The paramilitary Rapid Support Forces has not commented on the request.  

Qabyaaladdu asal ahaan waa jaahilnimo, cadawga, sunta, kansarka, cudurka koowaad

ee qof kasta Somali ah halis weyn ku haya.

Qabyaaladdu waa jaahilnimo, burburinta, ciribtirka  jiritaanka Somalinimada iyo mustaqbalka qof Kasta oo Somali ah  meel kasta oo uu ku nolooyahay aduunka. Sidaas darteed, waxaa waajiib ku ah qof kastoo Somali ah inuu qayb weyn ka qaato ciribtirka CUDURKA  KANSARKA QABYAALADDA oo ah cadawga kowaad ee mustaqbalka qof kasta oo Somali ah iyo jiritaanka mustabalkiisa. Horumar ma jiri doono inta kansarka qabyaaladda  la’aaminsan yahay.

Somali UN envoy urges AU troops to adhere to international law, respect territorial integrity

Source: Hiiraan Online, Tuesday September 10, 2024

UNITED NATIONS (HOL) — Somalia’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Abukar Dahir Osman, has called on African Union troop-contributing countries to follow international law and respect Somalia’s territorial integrity strictly.

Speaking at a United Nations Security Council meeting, Osman stressed that foreign military actions should align with regional frameworks to avoid destabilizing the country.
Osman highlighted that failure to respect Somalia’s territorial integrity could be seen as aggression, potentially endangering the country’s stability. He also emphasized the need for adequate funding to sustain peacekeeping operations, which are crucial for Somalia’s long-term security.

While Osman did not name specific countries, political analysts suggest his remarks were directed at Ethiopia. The Somali government has previously stated that Ethiopian forces will not be part of the new peacekeeping mission that is set to replace the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) by December 2024. Instead, Somalia has expressed interest in involving Egyptian troops in the new mission.

Relations between Somalia and Ethiopia have soured recently, particularly after Ethiopia signed a contentious agreement with Somaliland in January, giving the landlocked country access to Somaliland’s coastline. Somalia views the deal as a violation of its sovereignty.

Egyptian, Emirati FMs discuss regional crises, economic cooperation

By Noha El Tawil
Source: egypttoday, Tuesday September 10, 2024

Press Photo

Minister of Foreign Affairs, Immigration and Egyptian Expats Badr Abdelatty met Sunday with his Emirati counterpart Sheikh Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi.

The meeting was also attended by UAE’s State Minister for African Affairs Sheikh Shakhbout Bin Nahyan and Special Envoy to the EU Ambassador Lana Nassiba, and Egyptian Ambassador Sherif Eissa.
The Egyptian minister lauded the growing relations in various fields, as well as increased coordination and consultation between the two countries on regional and international affairs of joint concern. He equally expressed appreciation for the Emirati keenness on supporting Egypt’s development efforts in a way that fulfills common interests. Hence, Abdelatty expressed aspiration for more collaboration on investment and trade.

Equally, the minister stressed the salience of intensifying coordination and political consultation. That is in addition to holding new sessions of the joint economic committee and the Egyptian-Emirati business forum.

Further, the two ministers tackled updates of the Gaza War so as Abdelatty noted that Egypt was still contacting all concerned parties to inhibit escalation, more confrontations and violence, preserving the region’s security and stability.

Minister Abdelatty similarly underscored Egypt’s fixed stance on the safety of Lebanon, stipulating the importance of joint work to avoid the implication of the country in a prolonged war with Israel.

The talks further covered the Sudanese crisis and possible solutions, circumstances in Libya, situation in Horn of Africa and Somalia, and security threats in the Red Sea which require concerting more efforts among the countries lying on its shores to preserve their interests and national security.

Biden extends sanctions on Ethiopia’s conflict amid ongoing instability in the Horn of Africa

Source: Hiiraan Online, Monday September 9, 2024


FILE – President Joe Biden signs the Emergency Reparation Assistance for Returning Americans Act, Tuesday, August 31, 2021, in the Oval Office of the White House. (Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz)

Mogadishu (HOL) — U.S. President Joe Biden has extended sanctions targeting individuals and groups involved in Ethiopia’s ongoing conflict, continuing a national emergency order that was set to expire on September 17, 2024. The sanctions, authorized under Executive Order 14046, will remain in effect for another year, following Biden’s decision to address what he described as an ongoing threat to U.S. national security and foreign policy interests.

In a statement released Thursday, Biden said the instability in northern Ethiopia and the broader Horn of Africa region continues to threaten regional peace and security. “The situation in and in relation to northern Ethiopia… poses an unusual and extraordinary threat,” Biden stated, reinforcing the need to maintain the sanctions initially imposed in 2021.

The order grants the U.S. government authority to impose punitive measures on individuals and entities from Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), and the Amhara regional government. These groups were identified as key players in the conflict that escalated during the Tigray War, which devastated the region and resulted in mass displacement and humanitarian crises.

The U.S. previously imposed visa restrictions and economic sanctions in May 2021, targeting officials from both Ethiopia and Eritrea as the violence worsened. Biden’s latest extension underscores concerns over the ongoing instability despite a peace agreement signed between the Ethiopian government and the TPLF in November 2022.

Although the peace deal marked a step forward, tensions quickly flared in the Amhara region, where conflict has intensified over the government’s attempts to disband local insurgent groups, particularly Fano militias. The resurgence of violence has further strained the Ethiopian government’s efforts to stabilize the country.

The extension of the national emergency order will be officially published in the Federal Register and sent to Congress as part of the legal process to maintain sanctions for another year.

Ethiopian troops reportedly seize airports in Somalia’s Gedo region as tensions rise

Source: Hiiraan Online, Tuesday September 10, 2024

FILE PHOTO

Mogadishu (HOL) — Ethiopian forces have reportedly taken control of key airports in Somalia’s Gedo region, including Luuq, Dolow, and Bardhere, amid rising tensions following reports that the Somali federal government plans to deploy Egyptian troops near the Ethiopian The deployment of Ethiopian forces has sparked concern among local militia groups, who are reportedly mobilizing in response. This escalation comes as Ethiopian troops are scheduled to withdraw from Somalia by December 2024, when the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) is set to expire.

Plans are currently underway for a new AU-led peacekeeping mission to replace ATMIS. Notably, Somalia has signaled that it will not include Ethiopian forces in the new mission, opting instead for Egyptian involvement.

Tensions between Mogadishu and Addis Ababa have worsened since Ethiopia struck a controversial deal in January with Somaliland, which declared independence from Somalia. The agreement grants Ethiopia access to Somaliland’s coastline, including the potential establishment of a naval base. Somalia, which considers Somaliland part of its territory, condemned the deal as a violation of its sovereignty.

Ethiopia Releases 7 Oromo Liberation Front Prisoners

 Source: The Voice of America published on 5 September 2024 an article titled “Ethiopia Releases Opposition Politicians from Prison” by Tsehay Damtew.

Ethiopia released this week 7 Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) members who have been in prison since 2020.   The United States welcomed the release of the OLF prisoners.

The Many Faces of Ethiopia’s Abiy Ahmed

 Source: Foreign Policy published on 6 September 2024 an essay titled “The Many Faces of Abiy Ahmed” by Tom Gardner, Africa correspondent for The Economist.

This essay is adapted from the book published in 2024 and titled The Abiy Project: God, Power and War in the New Ethiopia by Tom Gardner.  The author argues there are many Abiy Ahmeds: the aspiring emperor longing for a glorious past, a forward-looking modernizer, a Pentecostal Putin both pragmatic and Machiavellian, a Christian nationalist, and a corporate CEO.  Abiy is convinced he was sent by God to rule Ethiopia. 

Ethiopian military chief criticizes Somali leaders, vows to counter threats to national development

Source: Saturday September 7, 2024

Jigjiga (HOL) — Ethiopian National Defence Forces (ENDF) Commander Field Marshal Birhanu Jula has vowed that Ethiopian troops are prepared to defend the nation’s sovereignty and counter any potential threats, accusing Somali leaders of collaborating with Ethiopia’s adversaries.

The commander made the remarks during the 47th-anniversary celebration of Ethiopia’s eastern command forces, held in Jigjiga, Somali regional state this week.

Field Marshal Birhanu warned against what he called “historical enemies” aiming to hinder Ethiopia’s development, with the support of internal mercenaries and traitors.

He emphasized the military’s ongoing commitment to regional peace, particularly in Somalia, where Ethiopian troops have been involved in anti-terrorist operations.

Diplomatic tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia have been escalating since Ethiopia signed a controversial deal in January to lease 20 kilometers of Somaliland’s coastline in exchange for recognition of Somaliland’s independence. Mogadishu has condemned the agreement as a violation of its territorial sovereignty and retaliated by expelling the Ethiopian ambassador and threatening to remove Ethiopian troops stationed in Somalia.

The situation was further complicated by recent reports that Egypt delivered weapons to Somalia under a defense agreement. Ethiopia views the growing cooperation between Somalia and Egypt as a major threat, particularly given Egypt’s concerns over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and water rights on the Nile.

UN Fact Finding Mission Calls for Neutral Force to Defend Civilians in Sudan

Source: The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights published on 6 September 2024 a press release titled “Sudan: UN Fact-Finding Mission Outlines Extensive Human Rights Violations, International Crimes, Urges Protection of Civilians.” 

The three experts from Tanzania, Nigeria, and Jordan/Switzerland found an appalling range of human rights violations and international crimes in Sudan and called for immediate steps to protect civilians.  The experts were especially critical of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces.  They underscored the need to expand the arms embargo in Darfur and the immediate need to create “an independent and impartial force with a mandate to safeguard civilians.”

The Associated Press published on 6 September 2024 an article titled “UN Investigators Urge Impartial Force as Sudan War Crimes Intensify.” 

The article reports on the UN Fact-Finding Mission press release but points out that the experts did not specify which countries are complicit in war crimes nor suggest which countries might join a neutral force to protect civilians in Sudan.

Somaliland vows to move ahead with Ethiopia naval deal despite Somalia’s objections

Source; Hiiraan Online, Friday September 6, 2024

Bihi defies Somalia in pushing naval deal with Ethiopia


Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi addresses a crowd at the Kulmiye Party rally in Tog-Wajaale, reaffirming his commitment to the Ethiopia naval base agreement despite mounting opposition from Somalia and international pressure. CREDIT/ Laasgeel Media

Hargeisa (HOL) — Somaliland’s government remains committed to a controversial agreement with Ethiopia to lease part of its coastline for a naval base despite mounting opposition from Somalia and increasing international criticism.

Speaking to a crowd of hundreds in Tog-Wajaale, President Muse Bihi Abdi vowed the deal would move forward, dismissing attempts to block the agreement.

“The MoU will be implemented. That is a certainty. To those trying to derail it, let them do as they please.”

In dismissing Somalia’s fierce opposition, Bihi added that Somaliland’s interests remain his top priority, and the region will not be a battleground for Egyptian interests. “To those in Mogadishu who have brought in Egyptian troops, I say this: you cannot claim to unite Somalis while allying with Egypt to undermine Somaliland.”

He also pointed to opposition from Somalis of Kenyan and Ethiopian descent, accusing them of undermining the Somaliland-Ethiopia agreement. He suggested that these individuals should focus on the affairs of their respective countries. 

The contentious agreement, signed on January 1, 2024, grants Ethiopia access to a 20-kilometer stretch of Somaliland’s coast along the Gulf of Aden. In return, Somaliland expects Ethiopia to recognize its independence, a key component of Somaliland’s ongoing campaign for international recognition since declaring itself independent from Somalia in 1991.

For Ethiopia, a landlocked nation with a population exceeding 120 million, access to the sea is a strategic goal. Since Eritrea’s secession in 1993, Ethiopia has relied heavily on Djibouti for its maritime trade. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has long sought to diversify Ethiopia’s access to ports, describing it as paramount for future growth.

Under the MoU, Ethiopia plans to establish a naval base and port in Somaliland, giving the country greater control over trade routes and reducing dependence on Djibouti’s port facilities. Ethiopian officials have consistently defended the agreement, stating that it aligns with Ethiopia’s long-term interests.

Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi has been unwavering in his defence of the agreement in the face of intense regional and international opposition, framing it as crucial for Somaliland’s quest for independence and regional security. Bihi repeatedly stated that Ethiopia’s presence would secure navigation in the Gulf of Aden, a strategic waterway that is plagued by instability.

“The MoU will be implemented without question,” Bihi said in a speech earlier this year. “This agreement is a fundamental step towards Somaliland’s independence and will help protect key shipping routes in the Gulf of Aden.”

Bihi called the MoU a historic step in Somaliland’s journey toward statehood and highlighted the potential economic benefits, mainly through foreign investment in Berbera port, which is already undergoing significant expansion with funding from the UAE’s DP World.

Somalia has vehemently opposes the MoU, calling it an infringement on its sovereignty. Mogadishu maintains that Somaliland is part of Somalia and that the central government must approve any agreements involving Somaliland.

President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has made blocking the MoU a national priority. In January, Somalia recalled its ambassador to Ethiopia and labelled the agreement “illegal.” Protests erupted in Mogadishu, with demonstrators denouncing the deal as violating Somalia’s territorial integrity. Somalia has since called for international bodies, including the African Union and the United Nations, to intervene.

The deal has also drawn concern from regional powers, including Egypt, which is locked in a long-standing dispute with Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River. Egypt views the MoU as a threat to its strategic interests in the region and has increased its military presence in Somalia. While Ethiopia is “alarmed” the prospect of having Egyptian troops next door.

In August 2024, Egypt delivered military equipment and troops to Somalia under a defence pact signed earlier in the year. This development has heightened tensions between Ethiopia and Somalia, with Ethiopia warning that Egypt’s involvement could further destabilize the Horn of Africa.

Somaliland’s government has dismissed Egypt’s opposition. In a statement, Somaliland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs called Egypt’s criticisms “inaccurate and misleading.” 

China, Somalia elevate diplomatic ties to strategic partnership

CGTN
Source: CGTN, Saturday September 7, 2024

Chinese President Xi Jinping holds talks with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, September 6, 2024. /Xinhua

Chinese President Xi Jinping and Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced the elevation of China-Somalia relations to a strategic partnership on Friday. Mohamud is in Beijing for the 2024 Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).

Xi pointed out that Somalia was the first East African country to establish diplomatic relations with China, and the friendship between China and Somalia has stood the test of time. He said China is willing to work with Somalia to uphold the original intention of their diplomatic ties and achieve more new results in their bilateral relationship, bringing greater benefits to the peoples of both countries.

The Chinese president also emphasized that both China and Somalia shoulder the historical mission of achieving complete national reunification. China supports Somalia in safeguarding its national sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as in its peace and development process, he said, and both sides should firmly support each other on issues concerning their core interests and major concerns.

Xi added that China is willing to continue supporting Somalia’s economic and social development, explore the potential for cooperation and expand development opportunities. Taking the FOCAC summit as an opportunity, China will strengthen cooperation with Somalia in areas such as trade, fisheries and human resources training, the president said, and China will also continue providing funding for international peacekeeping operations in Somalia and support Somalia in enhancing its self-reliance in development, counter-terrorism and stability.

He congratulated Somalia on its election as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and its formal membership in the East African Community, and expressed China’s willingness to strengthen multilateral cooperation with Somalia to uphold international justice.

Mohamud highly praised the major global initiatives proposed by Xi, the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, and the important measures announced at the summit to jointly advance the modernization of China and Africa. He expressed confidence that under Xi’s leadership, China will become a great modern socialist country in all respects, while also leading Africa and the world toward common development.

He thanked China for its valuable support in helping Somalia safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as for assisting in its economic development, and expressed Somalia’s firm adherence to the one-China principle.

During the summit, China and Somalia signed cooperation agreements in fields such as broadcasting and television.

The Economist Calls on the World to Focus on Sudan

 Source: The Economist published on 29 August 2024 a commentary titled “Why Sudan’s Catastrophic War Is the World’s Problem.”

Sudan is now the world’s worst humanitarian disaster and a geopolitical time-bomb.  The world has responded to Sudan’s war with neglect and fatalism.  It is a grave mistake for the world to ignore Sudan.  It will take decades to repair Sudan, but it is time for the world to act.

Türkiye’s deal with Somalia on hydrocarbon exploration is important. Why?

Source: TRTWORLD Thursday September 5, 2024
By Zulal Sema and Yusuf Kamadan

The Türkiye-Somalia Hydrocarbon Agreement represents a pivotal element in Ankara’s broader strategy to make its mark as a key energy player on the global stage.

The 2024 Türkiye-Somalia Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Agreement represents a pivotal element in Türkiye’s broader strategy to secure its energy future and assert its position on the global stage. / Photo: AA Archive

In recent years, Türkiye has strategically deepened its ties with Africa, culminating in the Türkiye-Somalia Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Agreement signed in July 2024.

The deal gives Turkish companies exclusive rights to explore and produce petroleum in three offshore blocks in Somalia.

Türkiye’s venture beyond its territorial waters comes on the back of technical expertise that the country has attained in the last few years since it hit a big gas find in the Black Sea in 2020.

“Türkiye’s determination to explore and utilise its hydrocarbon resources has led to significant investments in technical training and essential equipment,” says Baris Saglam, an Istanbul-based energy expert.

The agreement grants the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) rights to explore and produce oil and natural gas across 15,000 square kilometres of Somalia’s offshore territory, divided into three blocks: two near the coast and one further out.

This initiative has broadened Türkiye’s previously modest energy expertise, allowing it to develop a robust energy fleet, which includes drilling rigs.

Saglam tells TRT World that the Turkish fleet comprises six vessels tailored for seismic and drilling operations: the drilling ships Fatih, Yavuz, Kanuni, and Abdulhamid Han, along with the seismic survey vessels Barbaros Hayrettin Pasa and MTA Oruc Reis.

These advancements in maritime hydrocarbon exploration have positioned Türkiye at the forefront of regional energy exploration.

Alongside these maritime endeavours, Türkiye has made considerable progress in the domestic production of renewable energy. Baris Saglam notes that Türkiye now manufactures all its wind energy equipment and nearly all components for solar panels, reducing previous reliance on imports.

This progress has bolstered Türkiye’s self-sufficiency and expertise in the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) sector.

Türkiye’s seismic research vessel, Oruc Reis, will conduct 3D seismic studies in these regions. These initiatives are crucial steps in Türkiye’s ongoing efforts to reduce its dependence on foreign energy sources.

Beyond oil and gas

The 2024 Türkiye-Somalia Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Agreement represents a pivotal element in Türkiye’s broader strategy to secure its energy future and assert its position on the global stage.

But this initiative extends beyond a business deal. It reflects Türkiye’s broader ambition to enhance its long-term influence in Africa.

Saglam says that Türkiye’s developments have fostered knowledge transfer to other nations and facilitated bilateral energy agreements.

“Our historical ties with Africa, a continent burdened by colonial exploitation, have been strengthened by Türkiye’s non-participation in colonialism and its avoidance of Western-centric cultural and racial devaluation,” Saglam explains.

This approach has solidified energy cooperation as a key area of collaboration, addressing Africa’s pressing energy needs.

Dr. Serhat Orakci, lecturer of Political Science and International Relations at Halic University, says that Türkiye’s energy investments in Somalia are driven by long-term strategic goals.

“Energy investments demand a medium- to long-term outlook. Türkiye’s initiatives reflect its commitment to long-term strategic objectives,” Orakci tells TRT World.

As Saglam points out, the Oruc Reis will survey a 15,000-square-kilometer area, exploring depths of about 3,000 meters. “If discoveries are made, TPAO will play an important role in the production process,” says Sağlam.

Türkiye’s significant efforts to strengthen relations with Africa were notably advanced by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s 2011 visit to Mogadishu. Unlike the exploitative policies of some other regional powers, Türkiye’s approach to Africa is rooted in a win-win philosophy.

Saglam says that Türkiye engages with African nations through mutually beneficial partnerships, avoiding any imperialist agenda. This model not only ensures the sustainability of Türkiye’s presence in Africa but also offers a potential framework for others.

The energy cooperation with Somalia is a tangible example of this approach.

The security paradigm

Somalia’s internal conflicts and security issues have long impeded its ability to harness its energy potential. However, Türkiye addresses these challenges by providing military support to Somalia. The TURKSOM military training camp, established in 2017, is helping train the Somali national army.

Orakci points out the security challenges, noting, “Conducting oil and gas operations in Somalia is fraught with difficulties. Security issues pose serious obstacles.” Türkiye’s military presence not only mitigates these challenges but also safeguards its investments.

The agreement between Türkiye and Somalia holds great importance for Türkiye’s energy security. Türkiye has made significant natural gas discoveries in the Black Sea as part of its strategy to reduce dependence on foreign energy and diversify its resources.

However, to meet its growing energy needs, it continues to seek new sources of supply. In this context, the hydrocarbon agreement signed with Somalia is seen as a significant step toward securing Türkiye’s energy supply and enhancing its energy security.

Saglam, emphasising the importance of this agreement for Türkiye’s energy security, stated, “Türkiye has decided to prioritise its domestic and national energy resources. However, its most important breakthroughs have been to discover its own hydrocarbon resources and bring them into service for its economy.”

By assisting Somalia in realising its energy potential, Türkiye is contributing to the country’s development and energy infrastructure modernisation, experts say.

Ethiopian Airlines says it halts Eritrea flights after account frozen

Source: Reuters, Wednesday September 4, 2024

Ethiopian Airlines said on Tuesday it had suspended flights to neighbouring Eritrea because its bank account there was frozen.

The carrier’s CEO Mesfin Tasew told a news conference that the Eritrean Civil Aviation Authority had blocked money transfers from Ethiopian Airlines’ bank account in the Eritrean capital city Asmara.

Eritrea had previously said it would suspend all Ethiopian Airlines flights at the end of this month.

Flights from Ethiopia to Eritrea had resumed in 2018 after two decades, following a peace deal and resumption of diplomatic relations between the two neighbours that earned Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed a Nobel peace prize a year later.

“We couldn’t continue in such situation and we have decided to suspend the flight as of today,” Mesfin said.

In a statement late on Monday, Ethiopian Airlines had said it would try to rebook affected passengers on other airlines at no additional cost or offer refunds.

Ethiopian is ranked the largest airline in Africa by revenue and profit by the International Air Transport Association.

Five diplomats told Reuters the suspension of flights signalled that relations between Asmara and Addis had soured significantly, but the risk of conflict was unlikely for now.

The two countries severed ties in 1998 when a two-year war started over their disputed border.

Eritrea fought alongside Ethiopia in a war that erupted in November 2020 against regional forces from Ethiopia’s Tigray region, but relations soured once again after Asmara was excluded from the peace talks that ended that conflict two years later, and because some of its troops remain in Tigray.

Eritrean Information Minister Yemane Gebremeskel did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Reporting by Dawit Endeshaw in Addis Ababa and Giulia Paravicini in Nairobi; Writing by George Obulutsa; Editing by Lincoln Feast and Alexander Smith

Source: HIIRAAN Önline, Saturday August 31, 2024


FILE – Djibouti Foreign Minister Mahmoud Ali Youssouf during a meeting.

Mogadishu (HOL) — Djibouti has proposed granting Ethiopia “100 percent management” of one of its ports in a bid to deescalate rising tensions stemming from the controversial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Ethiopia and Somaliland. 

In an interview with the BBC, Djibouti’s Foreign Minister Mahmoud Ali Youssouf stressed the importance of maintaining regional stability and respect for national sovereignty. “We are offering Ethiopia 100 percent management of a port in the new corridor that has already been built,” Youssouf said. The proposed port in Tadjoura, just 100 kilometres from the Ethiopian border, is seen as a strategic alternative to the disputed Somaliland port deal. “Access to the sea for Ethiopia will not be a problem,” he added, framing the offer as a practical solution that could help defuse the escalating crisis.

Youssouf, a candidate for the next African Union Commission (AUC) Chairperson, also emphasized the need for dialogue, stating, “The positions of both countries on the issue are very far, very asymmetric, and we need them maybe to think about compromise dialogue. I think once they sit around the table of negotiations with the help of countries like Djibouti, Kenya and others in the region, they can find a compromise. But something is very central in these discussions; the sovereignty of countries should be respected.”

The MoU, signed earlier this year, has sparked intense opposition from Somalia, which views Somaliland as an integral part of its territory. The MoU has inflamed public sentiment, with protests erupting in Mogadishu and other parts of the country. 

Somalia’s government has made it clear that it will not engage in direct talks with Ethiopia unless the MoU is revoked. President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has launched a vigorous diplomatic campaign against the agreement, expelling the Ethiopian ambassador and threatening to expel thousands of Ethiopian troops stationed in Somalia unless the MoU is revoked.

Youssouf reiterated Djibouti’s concern for Somalia’s position, noting, “Somalia said that it’s important that Somalia is listened to and that their plea and message are heard by each and every one.” 

Djibouti, already a critical hub for Ethiopian trade, stands to solidify its role as Ethiopia’s primary gateway to the sea while maintaining its economic interests. According to Youssouf, the offer was made by Djibouti’s President Ismail Omar Guelleh as a gesture to promote dialogue and prevent further escalation of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia.

Ethiopia’s interest in the Somaliland port is driven by its long-standing desire for sea access, a critical issue for the landlocked nation since losing its coastline following Eritrea’s independence in 1993. Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has made it clear that gaining sea access is a top priority for his administration, and the MoU with Somaliland is seen as a step toward fulfilling that ambition. The naval base proposed under the MoU would be a significant step toward Ethiopia’s goal of becoming a regional maritime power. However, this ambition has raised alarms in neighbouring countries, including Djibouti and Egypt, both of which have strategic interests in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

For Somaliland, the MoU with Ethiopia represents a potential breakthrough in its decades-long quest for international recognition. Since declaring independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has operated with de facto autonomy. However, this move has drawn internal opposition and heightened regional tensions, particularly with Djibouti, which sees the deal as threatening its economic interests.

The relationship between Somaliland and Djibouti has also deteriorated since Somaliland and Ethiopia signed an MoU. Earlier this year, Somaliland President Muse Bihi accused Djibouti of hosting rebels against Somaliland. The Minister of Finance of Djibouti, Ilyas Musa Dawaleh, has denied the accusations.

The Ethiopia-Somaliland MoU and the ensuing diplomatic crisis have also raised security concerns. Somalia has indicated that it does not want Ethiopian troops to be part of the new mission unless the MoU is rescinded. Al-Shabaab, the Islamist militant group that has been waging an insurgency in Somalia for over a decade, could exploit the situation to its advantage.

Youssouf expressed concern over the potential for the conflict to affect regional security, particularly in light of existing threats. “We are all already affected by what has been done so far by the terrorist group Al Shabaab in our region. Right now, we are faced with attacks from the Houthi Group in the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Although Djibouti is a stable country and quite safe, we cannot say that tensions in the neighbouring countries do not affect us.”

The international response to the MoU has largely favoured Somalia’s position. The G7, Arab League, OIC, and several Western countries have all condemned the agreement, emphasizing the importance of maintaining Somalia’s territorial integrity. Turkey has emerged as a key mediator, hosting unsuccessful talks between Somalia and Ethiopia in Ankara. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan/news4/2024/Aug/197531/who_is_hakan_fidan_turkey_s_diplomat_steering_somalia_ethiopia_s_high_stakes_negotiations.aspx will host a second round of negotiations in mid-September. Egypt, which has its own disputes with Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), has emerged as a strong supporter of Somalia in this crisis.

Youssouf concluded with a call for de-escalation, saying, “We are calling on both governments and countries to deescalate first in the narratives and the rhetorics. Djibouti is ready to resume its mediation with the help of Kenya and other countries in the region.”

Djibouti’s offer to Ethiopia is a major development in the ongoing crisis. As Ethiopia’s key economic and strategic partner, Djibouti’s willingness to offer an alternative to the Somaliland port could help ease tensions and prevent further escalation.

Why Ethiopia is so alarmed by an Egypt-Somalia alliance

Source: BBC, Saturday August 31, 2024
ByIan Wafula

Egypt and Somalia’s leaders have become very close this year – causing jitters in Ethiopia

A military alliance between Somalia and Egypt is ruffling feathers in the fragile Horn of Africa, upsetting Ethiopia in particular – and there are worries the fallout could become more than a war of words.

The tensions ratcheted up this week with the arrival of two Egyptian C-130 military aeroplanes in Somalia’s capital, Mogadishu, signalling the beginning of the deal signed earlier in August during a state visit by the Somali president to Cairo.

The plan is for up to 5,000 Egyptian soldiers to join a new-look African Union force at the end of the year, with another 5,000 reportedly to be deployed separately.

Ethiopia, which has been a key ally of Somalia in its fight against al-Qaeda-linked militants and is at loggerheads with Egypt over a mega dam it built on the River Nile, said it could not “stand idle while other actors take measures to destabilise the region”.

Somalia’s defence minister hit back, saying Ethiopia should stop “wailing” as everyone “will reap what they sowed” – a reference to their diplomatic relations that have been on a downward spiral for months.

Why are Ethiopia and Somalia at odds?

It all comes down to the ambitions of Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who wants his landlocked country to have a port. Ethiopia lost its access to the sea when Eritrea seceded in the early 1990s.

On New Year’s Day, Mr Abiy signed a controversial deal with the self-declared republic of Somaliland to lease a 20km (12-mile) section of its coastline for 50 years to set up a naval base.

It could also potentially lead to Ethiopia officially recognising the breakaway republic – something Somaliland is pushing hard for.

Somaliland broke away from Somalia more than 30 years ago, but Mogadishu regards it very much as part of its territory – and described the deal as an act of “aggression”.

Somalia fears such a move might set a precedent and encourage other countries to recognise Somaliland’s independence, geopolitical analyst Jonathan Fenton-Harvey told the BBC.

He added that neighbouring Djibouti was also worried it could harm its own port-dependent economy, as Ethiopia has traditionally relied on Djibouti for imports.

In fact in an attempt to deescalate tensions, Djibouti’s foreign minister has told the BBC his country is ready to offer Ethiopia “100%” access to one of its ports.

“It will be in the port of Tadjoura – 100km [62 miles] from the Ethiopia border,” Mahmoud Ali Youssouf told BBC Focus on Africa TV.

This is definitely a change of tune for as recently as last year, a senior presidential adviser said Djibouti was reluctant to offer its neighbour unfettered access to the Red Sea.

Attempts so far to calm tensions – by Turkey – have failed, with Somalia insisting it will not budge until Ethiopia recognises its sovereignty over Somaliland.

Why is Ethiopia so upset by Somalia’s reaction?

Somalia has not only brought its Nile enemy Egypt into the mix, but also announced that Ethiopian troops would not be part of the AU force from next January.

This is when the AU’s third peace support operation begins – the first one was deployed in 2007 months after Ethiopian troops crossed over the border to help fight al-Shabab Islamist militants, who then controlled the Somali capital.

There are at least 3,000 Ethiopian troops under the current AU mission, according to the Reuters news agency.

Last week, the Somali prime minister also said Ethiopia would have to withdraw its other 5-7,000 soldiers stationed in several regions under separate bilateral agreements – unless it withdrew from the port deal with Somaliland.

Ethiopia sees this as a slap in the face for, as its foreign minister put it, “the sacrifices Ethiopian soldiers have paid” for Somalia.

The withdrawal of troops would also leave Ethiopia vulnerable to jihadist attacks, Christopher Hockney, a senior researcher at the Royal United Services Institute, told the BBC.

The planned deployment of Egyptian troops along its eastern border would also make Ethiopia particularly apprehensive, he added.

Egypt sees Ethiopia’s Nile dam – in the west of the country – as an existential threat – and has warned in the past that it will take “measures” should its security be threatened.

Why is the Nile dam so contentious?

Egypt accuses Ethiopia of threatening its supply of water with the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd).
This began in 2011 on the Blue Nile tributary in Ethiopia’s northern-western highlands, from where 85% of the Nile’s water flow.

Egypt said Ethiopia pushed forward with the project in complete “disregard” of the interests and rights of downstream countries and their water security.

It also argued that a 2% reduction in water from the Nile could result in the loss of around 200,000 acres (81,000 hectares) of irrigated land.
For Ethiopia the dam is seen as a way of revolutionising the country by producing electricity for 60% of the population and providing a constant flow of electricity for businesses.

The latest diplomatic efforts to work out how the dam should operate – and determine how much water will flow downstream to Sudan and Egypt – fell apart last December.

How worried should we be?

Egypt sees its military deal with Somalia as “historic” – in the words of Egyptian President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi – and a possible chance to settle scores over the mega dam.

Indeed the Nile dispute may well play out in Somalia, warns Dr Hassan Khannenje, the director of the Horn International Institute for Strategic Studies.

It could potentially lead to a “low-scale inter-state conflict” between Ethiopia and Egypt if their troops meet at the Somalia border.
Somaliland has also warned that the establishment of Egyptian military bases within Somalia could destabilise the region.

Both Ethiopia and Somalia are already coping with their own internal strife – Ethiopia with low-level rebellions in several regions and Somalia, recovering from a destructive 30-year civil war, still has al-Shabab to contend with.

Experts say neither can afford further warfare – and more unrest would inevitably lead to further migration.

Dr Khannenje told the BBC that if a conflict broke out, it could further complicate the geopolitics of the Red Sea by drawing in other players and further affect global trade.

At least 17,000 ships go through the Suez Canal each year, meaning that 12% of annual global trade passes through the Red Sea, amounting to $1tn (£842bn) worth of goods, according to shipping monitor Lloyd’s List.

For this reason, countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Turkey have been keen to forge partnerships with African nations like Somalia that border the Red Sea.

According to Mr Harvey, Turkey and the UAE stand a better chance at mediating and finding a middle ground.
The UAE has heavily invested in Somaliland’s Berbera port and holds significant influence over Ethiopia because of its investments there.

All eyes will be on the next diplomatic push by Turkey, which has ties with both Ethiopia and Somalia. Talks are due to start in mid-September.

Additional reporting by the BBC’s Ashley Lime, Waihiga Mwaura, Kalkidan Yibeltal & Juneydi Farah.