Ethiopia evacuates 80,000 after earthquakes, fears of volcanic eruption

Source: VOA, By Gelmo Dawit, Gebremichael Gebremedhin
Sunday January 5, 2025

In this image taken from video, mud bubbles up near volcanic activity in the Sagento Kebele Village, Afar region, Ethiopia, on Jan. 4, 2025.

Ethiopia’s government said it is evacuating approximately 80,000 people following a series of small-scale earthquakes in the Afar, Oromia and Amhara regions.

At least 10 earthquakes were reported in Ethiopia since Friday, and there are signs of possible volcanic activity.

The latest earthquakes shook the Awash Fentale district, which stretches between the Afar and Oromia regions, at 3:52 a.m. Saturday.

The United States Geological Survey recorded an earthquake measuring a magnitude of 5.8 about 56 kilometers (35 miles) southeast of Ambosa, in the Oromia region, in the early hours of Saturday.

Atalay Ayele, head of the Seismology Department and a professor of seismic science at Addis Ababa University, says the epicenter was in the middle of Dofen Mountain, Awash Fentale district, in the Afar region.

Just hours later a second tremor, measured at 4.7, was reported about 10 kilometers (6 miles) east of Awash in the Afar region.

“The events are increasing in size and frequency from time to time. In particular, this week, data shows that an earthquake measuring up to 5.8 on the Richter scale,” according to a statement issued by the federal government Saturday.

The earthquake was felt in the capital, Addis Ababa, and cities such as Adama and Metehara. Residents living in condos and high-rise buildings felt it, too, reports say.

As many as two dozen quakes and aftershocks were reported in Awash Fentale district since September, according to residents and officials.

In the Afar region, frequent quakes created a natural hot spring water crater that is reportedly widening.

No casualties were reported, but the quakes damaged dozens of homes in Afar.

Fears of volcanic eruptions

Friday’s tremor in Afar resulted in fears of volcanic eruptions after smoke came from vents in the Dofen volcano, signaling potential volcanic activity.

“The government is closely monitoring the events with experts in the field. In addition, it has identified the epicenter of the earthquake and deployed emergency workers from various fields in 12 kebeles [districts] to assess the extent of the damage,” the statement from Ethiopia’s government said.

“It is making great efforts to identify the most vulnerable among the 80,000 citizens living in those kebeles and to evacuate them from the area. It is also monitoring the possible impact of the earthquake on social service institutions, economic institutions, and infrastructure.”

The Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission announced in a statement issued on Saturday that over 51,000 residents in the Afar and Oromia regions are at risk due to recurring earthquakes in the past two months. To mitigate the risk, more than 13,000 people have already been relocated to safer areas, the commission said.

In the Fentale district of the Oromia region, over 16,000 residents face similar risks, with more than 7,000 of them relocated to secure locations, the statement added.

Some residents in the affected towns said they left their homes after the quake.

Zumara Mamo is a resident of Abomsa, where the quake was felt. She says the earthquake happened while she was asleep.

“I was sleeping on the floor with my child. Suddenly I felt the Earth beneath me shaking. The shock displaced the glass on my door,” she told VOA’s Horn of Africa Service.

According to Zumara, the shock lasted nearly a minute and was greater than the previous shock reported in the area in October.

Fentale district in the Oromia region lies less than 30 kilometers (19 miles) from the epicenter of the Saturday morning earthquake near Abomsa town.

Abayneh Urgo, who lives in Fentale district, said a strong earthquake shock was felt in his town and now residents are sleeping outside.

Efrem Wakjira, who lives near German Square in Addis Ababa, said earthquakes have been frequent this week.

“The shock of the earthquake has been common during the past five days, but Saturday morning was quite strong. It happened at around 4 a.m. local time, and I was awakened from sleeping by the shock.”

The government said the earthquake has not yet had a significant impact on major towns and has urged citizens to “follow and strictly implement the precautionary messages issued by experts.”

Ethiopian cities are vulnerable to quakes

Ethiopian experts have warned that many buildings in the country, particularly in Addis Ababa, are highly vulnerable to earthquakes.

Esayas Gebreyohannes, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Addis Ababa University’s Institute of Technology, said Ethiopia introduced building code standards in 1983 that need updating every 10 to 20 years, with the next update scheduled this year.

“Despite these updates, significant gaps persist in adherence to the standards during building design and construction,” he said.

“Many buildings evaluated at Addis Ababa University reveal design faults due to noncompliance with the standards. Additionally, construction materials and workmanship often fall short of required quality levels. Most buildings in Addis Ababa exhibit these deficiencies, compromising their safety and quality,” Esayas said.

“The recent frequent earthquake[s] is a sign that we are living in an active volcanic area,” professor Ayele told VOA by phone.

“The state should be careful while building infrastructures at those places. The relief agencies should stand by, and the public must also get awareness regarding the shocks,” he said.

Government engineers say plans are underway to reinforce major public buildings to withstand high-magnitude earthquakes.

Engineer Mesfin Negewo, director general of the Ethiopian Construction Authority, acknowledged growing concerns over the increasing frequency of earthquakes.

“We have observed frequent seismic activity over the past two months, and we are actively assessing the situation,” he said by phone to VOA.

He said to address the emerging risks — the government has established task forces to study the situation and monitor incidents closely.

“These teams will present a comprehensive report to authorities,” he said.

VOA’s Kennedy Abate and Mesfin Aragie contributed to this report.

Somali leaders warn against illegal buy of public land in Mogadishu

Source: Hiiraan Online, Sunday January 5, 2025

Mogadishu (HOL) – Former Somali President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former Prime Minister Hassan Ali Kheyre, and MP Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame have issued a strong warning to business people and individuals about acquiring public land in Mogadishu. 

In a joint statement released on Saturday, the three prominent politicians accused the federal government of displacing residents and encroaching on educational and health facilities. They alleged that public land is being auctioned off to business people, distributed to private families, or used for bribery by politicians. 

“We warn businessmen who illegally sell or acquire public land, and those involved in bribery, not to be deceived into believing they own or control government land,” the statement read. 

The leaders also voiced concerns over Somalia’s current governance, citing security, economic, and political challenges. They urged the federal government to take immediate steps to address these pressing issues. 

The Somali government has recently reclaimed public land for redevelopment into government facilities. However, reports indicate some properties have been handed over or leased to private businesses. Notably, the government recently demolished the School Policia cemetery to make way for a naval base.

Egypt, Uganda presidents discuss Horn of Africa situation, affirm support to Somalia sovereignty

Source: Egypt today, Saturday January 4, 2025

A compiled photo of Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah El Sisi (R) and Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni (L) – FILE

President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi discussed the situations in East Africa and the Horn of Africa regions with Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni, stressing their support to Somalia’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

In a phone call on Friday, Sisi and Museveni underscored the need for coordination regarding the critical role of the new African Union mission to Somalia in supporting the Somali government.

Sisi highlighted to Museveni Egypt’s efforts to support Sudan in overcoming its crisis and moving toward a ceasefire, stressing the need for protecting the Sudanese people from the ravages of war and facilitating access to humanitarian aid. Museveni commended Egypt’s efforts with regard to the Sudanese crisis.

Furthermore, the presidents discussed Uganda’s hosting of the upcoming Extra-Ordinary Summit on Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programmes (CAADP).

Sisi emphasized the necessity of formulating African policies that bolster agricultural industries and empower small farmers, women, and youth by facilitating access to financing and soft loans.

He also called for enhancing the use of digital technologies to keep pace with the rapid developments in this sector.

AU commits to stabilization efforts in Somalia in 2025 as new mission begins work

Source: XINHUANET, Friday January 3, 2025

The new African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia on Wednesday pledged its commitment to the country’s stabilization efforts in 2025 and post-conflict recovery as it began operations the same day.


FILE PHOTO

The new African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia on Wednesday announced its commitment to the country’s stabilization efforts in 2025 and post-conflict recovery as it began operations the same day.

The African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) officially replaced the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), marking a further step in transitioning national security responsibilities to that country’s own forces.

In his New Year message, Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia Mohamed El-Amine Souef said 2024 marked a pivotal year for Somalia, characterized by significant strides in peace and security thanks to the concerted efforts of the Somali government in collaboration with the pan-African body’s peace mission.

“AUSSOM has finally become operational, beginning Jan. 1, 2025, as per UN Security Council Resolution 2767 (2024). It will build on the achievements made under ATMIS to ensure Somalia realizes long-term peace and security,” Souef said.

On Dec. 27, 2024, the UN Security Council (UNSC) endorsed the African Union Peace and Security Council’s decision to replace ATMIS with AUSSOM.

He said ATMIS made significant strides by transferring military bases to the Somali Security Forces in 2024, in line with the Somalia Transition Plan. This, Souef said, shows that the Somali security forces have acquired the necessary expertise to independently take over the country’s security responsibilities.

According to Souef, ATMIS, in collaboration with development partners, also initiated a range of quick-impact projects, including the construction of boreholes, classrooms, police stations, and rehabilitation of health centers, to improve the lives of residents in liberated areas.

The AU envoy said they would continue engagements under AUSSOM, guided by the AU Peace and Security Council communiques and UNSC resolutions.

The UNSC also authorized AU members to take necessary measures for 12 months starting Jan. 1, including supporting the Somali government in degrading al-Shabaab and affiliates linked to the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, also known as Da’esh.

Somalia will in January join the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member following its successful election. “This marks a momentous achievement in the country’s recent history and provides an opportunity for Somalia to contribute to global peace and security,” Souef said.

Somalia continued the path to economic revitalization in March 2024 when the country became a full member of the East African Community, a regional trading bloc with a market size of over 170 million people, said the AU envoy. “Somalia, boasting the longest coastline in Africa at over 3,000 km and rich natural resources, is strategically positioned to emerge as a key player within the economic bloc.”

How Swedish researchers are helping preserve Somali linguistic heritage

Source: Hiiraan Online, Friday January 3, 2025

Faysal with Professors George Banti and Martin at the University of Gothenburg. Credit: Supplied

Mogadishu (HOL) — The University of Gothenburg in Sweden has emerged as a global leader in preserving and studying the Somali language, combining rigorous academic research with cultural preservation efforts. Swedish instructors, alongside Somali scholars, are decoding the language’s rich history and structure, ensuring its legacy endures.

The initiative focuses on analyzing Somali grammar, syntax, and historical texts. Swedish instructors work closely with Somali students to explore the language’s scientific foundations. One striking example is the analysis of the phrase “Lala socday” (“It was accompanied”), which highlights the complex grammatical interplay between subject and verb modifiers.

“This is about understanding how the language works at its core, beyond mere fluency,” said Faysal Mohamed Mohamud, a Somali student and instructor at the university. “It’s a scientific approach to uncover the language’s deeper rules and evolution.”

The university also holds a treasure trove of ancient Somali manuscripts, some dating back centuries. These documents, studied collaboratively by Somali and foreign scholars, provide invaluable insights into the language’s origins and its role in shaping Somali culture.

In a unique twist, Swedish instructors are teaching native Somali speakers the academic intricacies of their language. “It might seem odd that a foreigner teaches a Somali speaker their language, but they are teaching its grammatical rules and structural framework,” Faysal said. He noted that these instructors have even corrected official Somali government documents riddled with errors.

“I’ve seen documents from both the central government and regional administrations that were fixed by Swedish experts,” Faysal added.

When asked how such corrections are possible, Faysal replied, “Speaking a language does not necessarily mean understanding it scientifically. Scientifically analyzing a language is entirely different from just speaking it.”

The program also spotlights challenges facing African languages, which often struggle to develop due to limited scholarly attention and the lingering effects of colonialism. Researchers aim to reverse this trend by applying scientific methods, giving these languages a chance to thrive.

The initiative bridges gaps in understanding and highlights the value of Somali as both a linguistic and historical treasure. For a language deeply tied to identity and heritage, these efforts ensure that Somali not only survives but thrives, offering a legacy of resilience for generations to come.

• With files from the BBC Somali Service
  
  
  
  Faysal with faculty members and students from the University of Gothenburg.Credit: Supplied

Somalia, Ethiopia pledge collaboration on AUSSOM Peacekeeping mission

Source: Hiiraan Online, Friday January 3, 2025

Mogadishu (HOL) — Ethiopia’s Defense Minister, Engineer Aisha Mohammed, held high-level meetings in Mogadishu on Thursday with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Defense Minister Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur Jama, and State Minister for Foreign Affairs.

The discussions focused on strengthening bilateral ties and advancing regional peace and stability. According to Ethiopia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the two nations agreed to collaborate on the AU Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) and pledged to enhance diplomatic engagements, including reciprocal visits by senior officials. Somali leaders are expected to visit Addis Ababa soon as part of these efforts. 

Somalia’s Defense Minister Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur Jama expressed gratitude for Ethiopia’s contributions to peacekeeping and counterterrorism efforts in Somalia. While Minister Aisha Mohammed reaffirmed Ethiopia’s commitment to combating terrorism and maintaining stability in the region.

State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Mesganu Arga, highlighted the shared challenges both nations face, stressing the importance of addressing security issues promptly to prevent conflicts from impeding progress on development agendas. 

AUSSOM, which succeeded the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) at the start of the year, aims to guide Somalia toward sustainable peace and security while supporting its state-building processes.

Somalia reclaims seat on UN Security Council after 54 years

Source: Hiiraan Online, Thursday January 2, 2025

FILE – Somalia’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Abukar Dahir Osman (Abukar Baalle), delivers a statement during a United Nations Security Council session. (UN Photo)Mogadishu (HOL) — Somalia has officially reclaimed its seat on the United Nations Security Council, marking the first time in over half a century that the East African nation will serve as a non-permanent member. The two-year term, which began on January 1, 2025, is a historic milestone in Somalia’s ongoing efforts to reestablish itself as a significant player on the global stage.

The election on June 6, 2024, saw Somalia secure 179 votes in the UN General Assembly, representing East Africa in an uncontested bid. Somalia joins Denmark, Greece, Pakistan, and Panama as new non-permanent members, replacing outgoing nations Ecuador, Japan, Malta, Mozambique, and Switzerland.

James Swan, the UN Secretary-General’s Acting Special Representative for Somalia, commended the nation’s progress and stated, “Somalia has come a long way over the past three decades on its path to peace, prosperity, and security.”

Somalia’s position on the 15-member council grants it a voice in decisions related to international peace and security, including sanctions, peacekeeping operations, and the use of force. Speaking about this opportunity, Somalia’s UN Ambassador Abukar Dahir Osman (Abukar Baalle) expressed the nation’s commitment: “We are determined to uphold the UN Charter and to contribute actively to safeguarding global peace and security.”

The development comes as Somalia navigates a web of complex internal and external challenges. Externally, the contentious Ethiopia-Somaliland Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), signed in January 2024, forced Somalia to go on a diplomatic offensive to foil the deal. The agreement, which grants Ethiopia access to the Berbera port in exchange for recognizing Somaliland’s independence, challenges Somalia’s sovereignty, as Somaliland is considered a breakaway region by Mogadishu. The Ankara Agreement, brokered by Turkey in December 2024, has greatly impacted regional dynamics. The accord led Ethiopia to walk back its earlier MoU with Somaliland while supporting Somalia’s territorial integrity and opening an avenue for Ethiopia to access the Red Sea through Somali ports, pending further technical discussions. 

Domestically, the federal government continues to struggle with limited control over vast territories, facing resistance from Al-Shabaab militants and ongoing disputes with regional federal member states like Jubbaland and Puntland. In November 2024, Jubbaland suspended relations with the federal government, accusing it of undermining regional autonomy, while Puntland has expressed persistent dissatisfaction with federal leadership, complicating efforts to unify governance structures.
The African Union played a key role in securing Somalia’s candidacy. In February 2024, the AU Executive Council endorsed Somalia as East Africa’s sole candidate after Tanzania withdrew its bid. Somalia’s diplomatic outreach, spearheaded by Prime Minister Hamse Abdi Barre and other senior officials, was instrumental in rallying support from neighbouring nations and beyond.

Ambassador Baalle, who has been widely praised for his contributions to Somalia’s diplomatic recovery, called the election a “diplomatic victory” that reflects the country’s progress.

While Somalia’s election underscores its external sovereignty—the recognition of its statehood by the international community—it also highlights the disparities in its internal governance. Analysts note that the federal government continues to grapple with limited control over its territory, with Al-Shabaab, Somaliland, and other regional actors wielding significant influence.

Somalia’s last tenure on the Security Council was in 1971. Since then, decades of civil war and political instability have hindered its global presence. The election is a testament to its resilience and determination to reassert itself in international affairs.

Egypt sending troops by air and sea for new African Union force in Somalia

Source: The National, Hamza Hendawi
Wednesday January 1, 2025

UN green light for deployment against Al Shabab lends international legitimacy to Cairo’s military presence in the Horn of Africa nation.

Egypt is beefing up its military presence in Somalia to take part in a new African Union mission to fight the terrorist group Al Shabab, ferrying troops there by sea and air in what sources and analysts say is a significant step in Cairo’s efforts to broaden its footprint in the strategic Horn of Africa region.

The move, they said, is also a milestone in Egypt’s decade-long tussle with Somalia’s neighbour Ethiopia over a large Nile dam that Addis Ababa is building and which Cairo views as an existential threat to its water security.

At Somalia’s request, the Egyptian troops are replacing the Ethiopian contingent in an AU mission that is being replaced, giving Cairo a significant military presence across the border from Ethiopia that could potentially pressure Addis Ababa to show flexibility over the water dispute.

Egypt and Somalia signed a military co-operation agreement this year. Under that accord, Egypt deployed several thousand troops who are serving as military advisers to Somalia’s security forces and providing security for the country’s top leaders, their families and key state facilities.

The new AU mission was agreed by the UN Security Council on Friday in a resolution adopted by 14 of its 15 member states. The United States abstained due to reservations about funding.

The foreign ministers of Egypt and Somalia confirmed Egypt’s role in the mission during talks in Cairo last week, according to the Egyptian Foreign Ministry.

“The participation of Egypt is a reflection of its genuine interest in African issues and its desire to maintain a positive presence in the continent’s trouble spots,” said Amany Al Taweel, an Egyptian expert on African affairs.

“We succeeded in this extremely important step at a time when everyone else is rushing to gain a foothold in Africa. That Ethiopia will not take part in the mission is another good aspect of the deployment because Addis Ababa has been a part of tensions in Somalia and because it failed to contain Al Shabab,” she said.

The new force – formally called the African Union Support and Stabilisation Mission in Somalia (Aussom) – will replace the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (Atmis), whose mandate ended on Tuesday. Aussom is scheduled to be deployed in January.

Ethiopia, whose relations with Somalia have been tense, is a member of Atmis. Somalia wants it excluded from Aussom on the grounds that its contingent has not effectively reduced the threat posed by Al Shabab.

The exact size of Aussom and the Egyptian contingent are yet to be formally announced, although Somali officials say 11,000 men have already been pledged. The sources told The National that the Egyptian contingent would make up about a 25 per cent of Aussom.

It is not clear whether the Egyptian troops already in Somalia will be part of the new mission or will operate separately while those being sent by Cairo at present will alone serve in the AU mission.

The sources said last week’s UN Security Council resolution was received with relief in Cairo, ending a period of concern that Turkey’s announcement of a mediation bid between Somalia and Ethiopia in December would change Mogadishu’s mind about replacing the Ethiopians with the Egyptians.

Tensions between Somalia and landlocked Ethiopia flared nearly a year ago after Addis Ababa signed a maritime deal with the breakaway region of Somaliland to gain access to the Red Sea.

Somalia and Egypt, both members of the Cairo-based Arab League, began forging closer relations in the wake of that deal, which Mogadishu saw as a breach of its sovereignty.

No concrete steps are known to have been taken to resolve the Somali-Ethiopian dispute since the Turkish mediation was announced, according to the sources.

“There is a silent rivalry between Egypt and Turkey in the Horn of Africa and elsewhere in Africa,” said one of the sources. “That rivalry is separate from the two nations’ co-operation in other fields,” added the source, alluding to the recent thaw between Cairo and Ankara after a decade of tension.

The announcement of Turkey’s mediation prompted Cairo to hold urgent consultations with the Mogadishu government, seeking clarifications on the agreement, said the sources. A visit by the Somali Foreign Minister to Cairo in December was part of these talks, they added.

In another example of the Cairo-Ankara rivalry in the region, Nato member Turkey has offered to mediate between Sudan’s army and a rival paramilitary to end their 20-month-old war in the Afro-Arab nation.

Sudanese army chief Gen Abdel Fattah Al Burhan, who has enjoyed Cairo’s support in his war against the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, said he welcomed Ankara’s mediation.

Egypt and Turkey also back opposing sides in Libya, Egypt’s western neighbour rocked by violence and divisions for more than a decade.

However, the Egyptian deployment in Somalia places Cairo at a clear advantage and bolsters its growing presence in the Horn of Africa, according to the sources.

“The Ethiopian troops must respect Somalia’s wish or risk becoming an occupation force,” said Salah Halimah, a former career diplomat from Egypt who is the new deputy chairman of the Egyptian Council for African Affairs, a Cairo-based think tank.

“Ethiopia must change its approach to its neighbours and improve ties to Somalia. That [the deployment of the new mission], in turn, could result in a change in its attitude towards Nile downstream nations Egypt and Sudan regarding their national water security,” he said.

Egypt already has military bases in Horn of Africa nations Eritrea and Djibouti and has in recent years struck military co-operation accords with, besides Somalia, Nile basin states Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Its military presence in Somalia, which now enjoys international legitimacy following Friday’s UN Security Council resolution, comes as foreign powers are vying to gain a foothold along Africa’s Red Sea coast with tension flaring in the region, caused by Sudan’s civil war, terrorism, tribal unrest in Ethiopia and the impact of climate change on economies there.

One of the world’s driest nations, Egypt depends on the Nile for nearly all its freshwater needs. It has repeatedly stated that its share of the Nile water is a national security issue and that Ethiopia’s dam constitutes an existential threat to its 107 million people.

More than a decade of negotiations with Ethiopia have failed to produce an agreement. Cairo wants a legally binding deal on running and filling the dam. Ethiopia contends that the dam does not pose a threat to the water security of Egypt and insists it is vital to its development.

“The River Nile, specifically, is an issue that’s associated with the life and survival of Egyptians,” Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El Sisi recently said. “It’s the chief source of life in our nation. Egypt is the gift of the glorious river.”

Sudan’s War Offers Nothing Positive

Source:  The New York Times published on 26 December 2024 an article and photo spread titled “The War Killed Her Dreams.  To Survive, She Treated Its Fighters” by Declan Walsh and Ivor Prickett.  

This is the story of a young Sudanese university graduate in Khartoum who survived by treating Rapid Support Force fighters until she fled to Port Sudan, which is controlled by the Sudan Armed Forces.  She concluded there are no good guys in this war, including her own brother.

Farmaajo warns of escalating clan violence in Somalia

Source. Hiiraan Online, Sunday December 29, 2024

Former Somali President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo pictured during a formal address at Villa Somalia.Mogadishu (HOL) — Former Somali President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo has issued a stark warning against escalating clan violence, calling the recent killings of Somali National Army soldiers in Middle Shabelle a grave threat to the nation’s unity and stability.

In a statement released Saturday, Farmaajo urged warring factions to cease hostilities, emphasizing that the ongoing conflicts achieve nothing but destruction. “The ongoing clan clashes, rooted in division and hatred, bring no victory—only death and despair,” he said.

Farmaajo’s remarks come after a recent attack in El Baraf, where Somali National Army officers were reportedly targeted based on clan affiliations. The killings have reignited concerns over the politicization of Somalia’s armed forces, which are constitutionally mandated to remain above clan and tribal divisions.

“These actions undermine the very foundation of our national army and threaten the integrity of Somalia’s security forces,” Farmaajo said, warning that such incidents could further destabilize the country.

Clan-based violence has plagued Somalia for decades, with regions like Hirshabelle, home to fertile lands and strategic resources, becoming frequent flashpoints. Competition over resources, combined with historical grievances and weak governance, has perpetuated cycles of violence that hinder peace and development.

Analysts warn that unless decisive action is taken, these conflicts risk derailing Somalia’s fragile progress toward stability. “The persistence of clan violence undermines not only reconciliation efforts but also the legitimacy of Somalia’s state-building process,” said a local security expert.

Farmaajo appealed to federal and regional leaders to prioritize national unity and lead by example. “Leaders at all levels must foster Somali nationalism and reconciliation. Their actions—or inaction—shape the path forward for our people,” he said.

He also called on religious scholars, traditional elders, and community leaders to mediate peace efforts. “The strength of Somali society lies in its traditions. It is time for those traditions to heal rather than divide,” Farmaajo added.

Egypt follows Ethiopia-Somalia agreement, hopes for stability: President al-Sisi

Ibrahim Khazen
Source: ANADOLU AGENCY, Sunday December 29, 2024

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said Saturday that he is “closely” following the agreement reached between Ethiopia and Somalia with Turkish mediation and expressing hope it “would contribute to achieving security and stability in the Horn of Africa, according to a statement from the Egyptian presidency.

It came during a telephone call al-Sisi received from his French counterpart, Emmanuel Macron.

Al-Sisi added that he is “closely following the agreement recently reached between Ethiopia and Somalia through Turkish mediation.”

He expressed his “hope that this agreement would contribute to achieving security and stability in the Horn of Africa region, and that it would be in line with the principles of international law.”

The two presidents emphasized “the importance of further enhancing cooperation across various fields, especially economic and investment, while emphasizing the need to attract more French companies to invest in development projects in Egypt,” it said.

The call also involved an exchange of views on regional developments.

The Egyptian president stressed “the close link between security and stability in the Horn of Africa and Egypt’s national security.”

He pointed out that Egypt “is working to support Somalia to achieve security and stability, whether through bilateral cooperation or by participating in the African Union peacekeeping mission at Somalia’s request.”

Ethiopia and Somalia have been at odds since Ethiopia struck a deal in January with Somalia’s breakaway region of Somaliland to use its Red Sea port of Berbera. Türkiye has been working to resolve these tensions.

The Ankara Declaration, brokered by Türkiye and signed Dec. 12, marked a turning point in relations between the Horn of Africa neighbors.

Somalian and Ethiopian leaders emphasized that the declaration “reaffirmed their respect and commitment to one another’s sovereignty, unity, independence, and territorial integrity.”

*Writing by Rania Abu Shamala

Aljazeera Discussion of Almost Hopeless Situation in Sudan

Source:  Aljazeera‘s Inside Story posted on 21 December 2024 a 27-minute video titled “Is the US Willing to Take Action against Foreign Powers Fuelling the Sudan War?‘ with Alex de Waal, World Peace Foundation, Dalia Abdelmoniem, Sudanese political analyst, and Khalood Khair, Confluence Advisory.  

The panel concluded that both the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), but especially the RSF, are engaging in war crimes.  The United Nations and African Union efforts to end the civil war have failed dismally.  Russia and the UAE have played especially unhelpful roles.  There is little hope for a diplomatic solution, and it is too late for the Biden administration to make a difference.

Increasing Famine and Food Insecurity in Sudan

 Source: The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification published on 24 December 2024 a report titled “Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Snapshot.”

Twenty months into the conflict, Sudan continues to slide into a widening famine crisis characterized by widespread starvation and a significant surge in acute malnutrition.  The situation marks a widening of the food and nutrition crisis, driven by the devastating conflict, which has triggered mass displacement, a collapsing economy, the breakdown of essential social services, and severe societal disruption, combined with poor humanitarian access, food insecurity and malnutrition. 

Somalia asserts sovereignty as UN approves AUSSOM mission

Source: Hiiraan, Saturday December 28, 2024



Mogadishu (HOL) — The United Nations Security Council has approved the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM), marking a shift in Somalia’s security landscape as the country takes greater control over its stability. Resolution 2767 (2024), adopted with 14 votes in favour and one abstention by the United States, replaces the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). This new mission is set to begin in January 2025, with operations concluding by June 2025.

AUSSOM will deploy up to 12,626 personnel, including 1,040 police officers, under a 12-month mandate to assist Somalia’s security forces in countering Al-Shabaab and other terrorist threats. The Somali government emphasized that its bilateral agreements have secured 11,000 troops for AUSSOM, addressing concerns over potential security gaps.

Somalia’s Deputy UN Envoy, Mohamed Yusuf, welcomed the resolution, calling it a “significant step” and highlighting the hybrid funding model’s role in ensuring predictable and sustainable financial support. The model allocates 75 percent of the budget to UN-assessed contributions, with the remaining 25 percent sourced from the African Union and other partners. However, this model’s implementation depends on a strategic review by the UN Secretary-General in May 2025.

Ethiopia voiced deep concerns at the United Nations Security Council about the escalating threat posed by Al-Shabaab and its alleged growing alliances with global terrorist networks like ISIS. Ethiopia emphasized that the mission’s success hinges on enabling Somalia’s security forces to assume full responsibility, alongside achieving national consensus and a unified regional front against terrorism. Stressing its long-standing contributions to Somalia’s stabilization, Ethiopia reaffirmed its commitment to counterterrorism efforts and called for sustained international and regional collaboration. However, it cautioned against interference by external actors pursuing destabilizing agendas, urging a focus on collective peace and prosperity in the Horn of Africa.

Somalia, in response, pointed to its comprehensive review of security arrangements after 11 months of “documented actions” from Ethiopia, a reference to several incidents and disputes that have strained relations between the two countries. These actions include allegations of arms smuggling into Somalia, which Somali officials claimed were fueling clan conflicts and undermining the country’s sovereignty. Multiple reports indicated Ethiopia’s involvement in illicit arms shipments to Puntland and other regions, prompting Somalia to raise formal concerns at international forums. 

The tension between the two countries also stems from Ethiopia’s dealings with Somaliland. Since August, Somalia asserted that Ethiopian troops could not participate in AUSSOM unless Ethiopia nullified its Memorandum of Understanding with Somaliland, a move Somalia viewed as undermining its territorial integrity. 

In December 2024, under Turkey’s mediation, Somalia and Ethiopia signed the Ankara Declaration, reaffirming their commitment to each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The declaration implicitly addressed the Somaliland issue without directly mentioning it.

More recently, regional security incidents have heightened distrust. Ethiopian forces reportedly clashed with Somali troops in Dolow this week, raising questions about Ethiopia’s respect for Somalia’s sovereignty. 

Somalia firmly outlined its position, emphasizing its sovereignty in determining the structure of AUSSOM. “In that period, our regional partners from three contributing countries have shown remarkable solidarity, pledging to maintain our necessary force of 11,000 troops for AUSSOM,” Somalia’s representative stated. The Somali delegation framed this as a decisive measure to address potential security gaps, adding, “This commitment addresses any security vacuum created by Ethiopia while sustaining progress in the fight against Al-Shabaab.”

The representative reiterated Somalia’s commitment to pursuing future security partnerships aligned with its national and regional interests.

The path to excluding Ethiopia’s exclusion from AUSSOM has sparked raised eyebrows. Somalia’s decision to rely on bilateral agreements for troop contributions, potentially sidelining Ethiopia, reflects a broader recalibration of its regional relationships. Analysts have framed this as a significant assertion of Somalia’s sovereignty and a step toward reshaping power dynamics in the Horn of Africa.  

Abdirashid Hashi commented, “Somalia made it clear: ‘Thanks, no tanks.’ Ethiopia is finally out of Somalia.” Another analyst, Abdiwahab Sheikh Abdisamad, described the move as “a decisive shift in Somalia’s approach to regional dynamics and security.”

The resolution has drawn widespread international support, with the United Kingdom, France, and China among the key backers. The UK’s representative praised ATMIS’s contributions and called AUSSOM a crucial step forward in stabilizing Somalia. France highlighted its financial support, noting that the European Union has contributed over 2.6 billion euros to African Union peacekeeping missions since 2007.

The United States abstained from the vote, citing concerns over deviations from Resolution 2719 (2023), which caps UN-assessed contributions at 75 percent of the mission’s budget. U.S. Ambassador Dorothy Shea argued that exceeding this cap could undermine the framework’s credibility and set a risky precedent for future peacekeeping operations.

Switzerland and Slovenia prioritized civilian protection and adherence to international humanitarian law under AUSSOM. 

China and the Republic of Korea stressed the importance of avoiding a security vacuum, warning that any delays in AUSSOM’s implementation could embolden terrorist groups. Switzerland and Slovenia emphasized civilian protection and adherence to international humanitarian law under AUSSOM.

The transition from ATMIS to AUSSOM presents both opportunities and challenges. Somalia’s government has urged donors to address funding gaps to ensure the mission’s effective implementation. The hybrid funding model’s success depends on sustained international support and the timely operationalization of mechanisms outlined in Resolution 2719.

Somalia’s firm stance at the UN underscores its commitment to self-reliance and a future defined by Somali-led security solutions. This marks a pivotal moment in the country’s efforts to rebuild its institutions and assert its sovereignty.

Eritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions

Source: VOA, By Mohamed Olad Hassan
Thursday December 26, 2024

WASHINGTON — President Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea and President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud of Somalia held extensive discussions at the State House in Asmara, Eritrea, on Wednesday, focusing on the consolidation of bilateral ties and addressing regional and international issues of mutual concern.

A statement from the Eritrean Foreign Ministry said the two leaders underlined the importance of Somalia’s stability for the entire Horn of Africa region.

“Securing and [guaranteeing] Somalia’s stability is pivotal for enduring regional peace and stability. In this respect, the two leaders discussed, in greater depth, salient agendas that promote achievement of the desired objective,” the statement said.

Leaders meet for summit

In October, the leaders of Egypt, Eritrea and Somalia met for a three-way summit in Asmara against a backdrop of heightened tensions in the Horn of Africa region between Somalia and Ethiopia.

The October meeting, in which the leaders aligned to sign an agreement covering defense, security, and diplomatic and political cooperation, followed concerns about security and stability that resulted from a controversial deal Ethiopia signed in January with the breakaway Somali region of Somaliland. That deal, if enacted, would give Ethiopia long-sought access to the Red Sea.

Somali diplomats, who requested anonymity because they were not authorized to speak on the matter, told VOA that the two leaders also discussed on Dec. 11 an Ethiopia-Somalia agreement in Ankara that aimed at ending diplomatic tensions between the neighboring countries. They said they have an agreement in principle but are working on technicalities.

According to the Eritrean Foreign Ministry, during their talks on Wednesday, Isaias said that it was necessary for the region to overcome external interventions that often exacerbate conflicts, stressing that local challenges must be addressed internally.

“President Isaias elaborated on the imperative for the region to extricate itself from external interventions that often advance agendas of incubating and fomenting conflict and chaos in the region. In the event, it is critical for the region to address and resolve its own challenges.”

In a subsequent statement to the Eritrean Press, Somali’s president expressed his appreciation for Eritrea’s contributions in the ongoing efforts for training Somalia’s National Army and security institutions.

“The support of Eritrea to Somalia is vital for the stability of Somalia as well as the Horn of Africa region. Somalia can learn from Eritrea’s vast experiences in the efforts to foster viable and robust partnerships,” Mohamud said.

Leaders reaffirm objectives

The two leaders in a statement reaffirmed the objectives laid out in the October Tripartite Summit agreement between Eritrea, Somalia and Egypt, aimed at enhancing cooperation and promoting stability in the region.

The discussions come against the backdrop of Egypt’s commitment to contribute troops to the African Union Somalia peacekeeping mission, highlighting the growing collaboration between Somalia and Egypt amid regional tensions, particularly concerning Ethiopia’s plans to get sea access in Somaliland.

Eritrea has been training thousands of Somalia forces for at least four years. Most of the military has received regular and specialized training, including the naval force, as well as mechanized units.

Mohamud’s visit was the eighth since his reelection in May 2022 and the fourth this year.

Masar oo xaqiijisay inay ciidamado ku biiranayso howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliy

Source: Hiiraan Online, Talaado, December 24, 2024 (HOL) – Masar ayaa ciidamadeeda ku biirin doonta ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee dalkaas ayaa sidaasi ka sheegay magaalada Qaahira.

“Masar waxa ay go’aansatay in ay ka qayb-gasho howlgalkan iyadoo ku saleynaysa codsiga dowladda Soomaaliya iyo soo dhaweynta golaha nabadda iyo ammaanka ee Midowga Afrika,” ayuu yiri Badr Abdelatty oo shir jaraa’id ku qabtay Qaahira.

Hawlgalka xasilinta iyo taageerada Midowga Afrika, ee loo yaqaan AUSSOM, ayaa beddeli doona howlgalka ATMIS ee dhammaanaya sanadkan.

“Waxaan ka hadalnay xaaladda Soomaaliya iyo taageerada Masar ee Soomaaliya ee ku aaddan madax-bannaanideeda iyo diidmada dhaqdhaqaaq kasta oo hal dhinac ah oo taabanaya midnimada, madaxbannaanida iyo amniga Soomaaliya,” ayuu Abdelatty hadalkiisa ku daray.

Warka ay soo saartay dowladda Masar ayaa kusoo beegmaya, iyadoo Soomaaliya ay oggolaatay in ciidamada Itoobiya ay sii joogaan dalka kana sii mid ahaadaan howlgalka nabad ilaalinta sida uu dhawaan sheegay sarkaal dowladda Soomaaliya ka tirsan oo qariyay magaciisa.

Kaddib heshiiskii Ankara, Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ayaa bilaabay inay dib usoo celiyaan xiriirkoodii diblumaasiyadeed, inkastoo dowladda Soomaaliya ay shalay ciidamada Itoobiya ku eedeysay in ay ku xadgudbeen heshiiskii Ankara, kaddib markii ay dagaal ku qaadeen ciidamo dowladda Soomaaliya oo ku sugnaa Doolow.

Somalia, Ethiopia forces in deadly clash days after deal

Source: AFP, Tuesday December 24, 2024

Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed delivers a speech. AFP

Somalia accused Ethiopian forces of a deadly attack on its troops in a border region on Monday, just days after the two countries signed an accord aimed at resolving months of tension.

The Somali foreign ministry said in a statement that Ethiopian troops had attacked its forces stationed at an airstrip in the border town of Doolow in Somalia’s Jubaland state around 10:00 am.

It said the attack targeted three bases manned by the army, police and National Intelligence and Security Agency, and had caused fatalities, without giving a precise number.

But Jubaland state officials said the Ethiopian troops, who are also based at the airstrip as part of its mission against Islamist insurgents, had intervened to protect a group of local politicians.

Somalia’s federal government has been clashing in recent weeks with forces of the semi-autonomous Jubaland over control of key areas in the state.

“The incident started this morning after the (federal) forces who were stationed here were given instructions to shoot an aircraft carrying a Jubaland state delegation… including state legislators, cabinet members and the governor,” Jubaland security minister Yusuf Hussein Osman said at a press conference in Doolow.

He said a firefight ensued in the town until Somali federal forces were “disarmed and some of them wounded”.

“The pro-Jubaland forces and the Somali government security forces clashed and the Ethiopian forces who are stationed within the airstrip area intervened in support of the pro-Jubaland forces,” a local resident, Mohamed Hassan, told AFP by phone.

“The pro-Somali government forces were later overpowered after the fighting spread in other areas inside town,” he added.

Somalia is a federation of semi-autonomous member states — Puntland, Jubaland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle and South West — that have often clashed with the central government in Mogadishu.

Deal threatened

The incident threatens to upend a deal brokered by Turkey less than two weeks ago to end a nearly year-long dispute between Somalia and Ethiopia.

That dispute began in January when Ethiopia signed an agreement with another breakaway region of Somalia — Somaliland — to lease a stretch of coastline for a port and military base in exchange for recognition, although this was never confirmed by Addis Ababa.

Somalia viewed this as a breach of its sovereignty, sparking a fierce diplomatic and military row.

That appeared to be resolved when Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud met in Ankara on December 12 and signed a deal that is expected to offer land-locked Ethiopia an alternative sea access in Somalia.

However, Somalia’s foreign ministry said the agreement was undermined by Monday’s incident in Doolow.

“Regrettably, these actions by Ethiopia constitute a blatant violation of the Ankara Declaration,” it said in the statement.

“The Somali Federal Government warns that it will not remain silent in the face of such clear violations of Somalia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity

China and US Pursue Different Approach to Somaliland

 Source: The South China Morning Post published on 19 December 2024 an article titled “China Stands Behind Somalia amid US Push for Somaliland Recognition” by Jevans Nyabiage.  

China’s special envoy for the Horn of Africa visited Mogadishu to assure the Somali government of Beijing’s support as reports persist that the incoming Trump administration may recognize the independence of Somaliland.  

Ethiopia’s Economic Reform Program Faces Serious Challenges

 Source: Foreign Policy posted n 19 December 2024 a commentary titled “Ethiopia’s Precarious Economic Reforms” by Liam Taylor, freelance journalist based in Addis Ababa.  

The author argues that Ethiopia’s economic reform package is “fraught with jeopardy.”  Political instability and a history of foreign investors who have been burned in Ethiopia does not bode well for the program.

Seyma Yigit
Source: Anadolu Agency, Sunday December 22, 2024

French President Emmanuel Macron said Friday that he wants the military base in Djibouti to once again be defined as a “projection point” for his country’s various missions.

During a visit to the French military base in the East African country, Macron highlighted the changing dynamics in the region.

“Our role in Africa is evolving because the world in Africa is evolving-public opinion is changing, and governments are changing,” he said.

France has begun closing its military bases in several African countries as part of an effort to rebuild relationships with nations across the continent. Macron described the decision as an attempt to establish partnerships based on mutual respect.

“We must change the logic that fuels uncertainty in the countries where our bases are located,” Macron said, referring to growing anti-French sentiment in some of France’s former colonies.

Over the past two years, France has ended defense cooperation agreements with Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso, withdrawing its troops from these nations.

In September 2023, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger formed the Alliance of Sahel States and announced the creation of a joint military force to counter spiraling security challenges posed in their countries by terrorist groups.

Most recently, Chad joined the list, deciding to terminate its military cooperation with France. French troops began leaving Chad on Friday, with the withdrawal of the 1,000 soldiers stationed there expected to conclude by Jan. 31.

France still maintains permanent military bases in Djibouti, Gabon, Ivory Coast, and Senegal. Djibouti, home to 1,500 French troops, is considered France’s most significant military hub in Africa.

Smaller contingents are stationed in Ivory Coast, Gabon, and Senegal, with 600, 350, and 350 personnel, respectively.

Djibouti, located in the Horn of Africa, is strategically significant due to its position at the southern entrance to the Red Sea and its coastline along the Indian Ocean.

*Writing by Seda Sevencan